Eskom’s true load-shedding stages in August and September
Eskom regularly implemented one higher stage of load-shedding than it declared during peak electricity demand periods in August and September 2023.
That is according to MyBroadband’s analysis of the utility’s official peak demand statistics shared on Twitter (now X).
Over the past few years, energy experts and former executives have often accused Eskom of implementing higher stages of load-shedding than it officially declared to the public.
The late energy analyst Ted Blom accused Eskom of hiding the amount of load-shedding it had implemented on multiple occasions and even secretly implementing load-shedding, dating as far back as 2001.
In October 2021, Blom said that Eskom had been understating the level of load-shedding implemented on “just about every night” for the last two years. Eskom regularly repudiated Blom’s allegations.
According to Eskom’s own definitions of load-shedding, as published on its website and in numerous documents and infographics that are generally available, each stage allows up to 1,000MW of demand to be shed from the grid.
It was only after former Eskom spokesperson Sikonathi Mantshanthsha’s effort to provide more transparency around load-shedding that news publications could see the discrepancies in the declared and actual load-shedding stages for themselves.
Mantshantsha started publishing the daily peak demand statistics on Twitter in 2022.
In February 2023, Daily Investor noticed that Eskom had implemented stage 7 and stage 8 load-shedding on two evenings when it had only declared stage 6.
Since then, the utility has repeatedly exceeded the upper limit of load-shedding allowed under each declared stage.
In August 2023, there were 12 days on which Eskom had declared either stage 3 or stage 4 load-shedding but implemented stage 4 and stage 5 load-shedding, respectively.
In addition, Eskom did not publish peak demand statistics for 6 out of the 31 days in August 2023.
Similarly, in September 2023, Eskom has exceeded the stage definitions several times and not published peak demand statistics on four days so far.
The table below shows Eskom’s demand, availability, and load-shedding statistics over peak evening electricity periods in August 2023
| Eskom peak demand, availability, and load-shedding in August 2023 | |||||
| Day and date | Eskom availability | Peak demand | Demand cut through load-shedding | Declared load-shedding stage | Actual stage per Eskom defintions |
| Tue, 1 August | 28,693MW | 33,424MW | 4,519MW | Stage 4 | Stage 5 |
| Wed, 2 August | 29,721MW | 33,132MW | 4,418MW | Stage 4 | Stage 5 |
| Thu, 3 August | 28,719MW | 31,386MW | 4,289MW | Stage 4 | Stage 5 |
| Fri, 4 August | 27,434MW | 30,255MW | 2,992MW | Stage 3 | Stage 3 |
| Sat, 5 August | 27,957MW | 29970MW | 2,849MW | Stage 3 | Stage 3 |
| Sun, 6 August | Not shared | Stage 3 | Unknown | ||
| Mon, 7 August | 28,995MW | 31,211MW | 4,343MW | Stage 4 | Stage 5 |
| Tue, 8 August | 27,517MW | 28,980MW | 3,040MW | Stage 3 | Stage 4 |
| Wed, 9 August | 27,177MW | 30,299MW | 2,996MW | Stage 3 | Stage 3 |
| Thu, 10 August | 27,432MW | 31,088MW | 3,192MW | Stage 3 | Stage 4 |
| Fri, 11 August | 26,591MW | 3,069MW | 2,882MW | Stage 3 | Stage 3 |
| Sat, 12 August | Not shared | Stage 3 | Unknown | ||
| Sun, 13 August | 27,924MW | 29,001MW | 2,984MW | Stage 3 | Stage 3 |
| Mon, 14 August | 28,207MW | 30,202MW | 3,189MW | Stage 3 | Stage 4 |
| Tue, 15 August | 27,760MW | 29,705MW | 3057MW | Stage 3 | Stage 4 |
| Wed, 16 August | 29,290MW | 29,953MW | 3,038MW | Stage 3 | Stage 4 |
| Thu, 17 August | Not shared | Stage 3 | Unknown | ||
| Fri, 18 August | 26,963MW | 29,528MW | 2,986MW | Stage 3 | Stage 3 |
| Sat, 19 August | Not shared | Stage 3 | Unknown | ||
| Sun, 20 August | 27,005MW | 28,626MW | 2,920MW | Stage 3 | Stage 3 |
| Mon, 21 August | 26,941MW | 28,373MW | 3,037MW | Stage 3 | Stage 4 |
| Tue, 22 August | 28,000MW | 28,331MW | 3,052MW | Stage 3 | Stage 3 |
| Wed, 23 August | 27,163MW | 29,204MW | 3,026MW | Stage 3 | Stage 4 |
| Thu, 24 August | 28,780MW | 29,044MW | 2,987MW | Stage 3 | Stage 3 |
| Fri, 25 August | 27,226MW | 25,734MW | 2,661MW | Stage 3 | Stage 3 |
| Sat, 26 August | 25,817MW | 28,108MW | 2,882MW | Stage 3 | Stage 3 |
| Sun, 27 August | Not shared | Stage 3 | Unknown | ||
| Mon, 28 August | 27,333MW | 29,342MW | 2,992MW | Stage 3 | Stage 3 |
| Tue, 29 August | 26,151MW | 29,851MW | 4,036MW | Stage 4 | Stage 5 |
| Wed, 30 August | Not shared | Stage 4 | Unknown | ||
| Thu, 31 August | 26,884MW | 28,555MW | 3,861MW | Stage 4 | Stage 4 |
| Fri, 1 Sep | Not shared | Stage 4 | Unknown | ||
| Sat, 2 Sep | 24,804MW | 28,448MW | 3,664MW | Stage 4 | Stage 4 |
| Sun, 3 Sep | 24,825 MW | 28,568MW | 4,544 MW | Stage 5 | Stage 5 |
| Mon, 4 Sep | 25,334MW | 30,353MW | 5,067MW | Stage 5 | Stage 6 |
| Tue, 5 Sep | 24,497 MW | 30,758MW | 5,991MW | Stage 6 | Stage 6 |
| Wed, 6 Sep | 25,001MW | 31,660MW | 6,369MW | Stage 6 | Stage 7 |
| Thu, 7 Sep | 26,509MW | 32,285 MW | 6,369 MW | Stage 6 (+ Load curtailment stage 1 & stage 2) | Stage 6 + Load curtailment |
| Fri, 8 Sep | 26,089MW | 30,137MW | 5,050MW | Stage 5 | Stage 6 |
| Sat, 9 Sep | 26,367 MW | 26,428 MW | 3,463MW | Stage 4 | Stage 4 |
| Sun, 10 Sep | 24,044 MW | 26,428 MW | 3,510MW | Stage 4 | Stage 4 |
| Mon, 11 Sep | Not shared | Stage 4 | Unknown | ||
| Tue, 12 Sep | 26,709MW | 33,423MW | 6,362MW | Stage 6 (+ Stage 4 load curtailment) | Stage 6 + Load curtailment |
| Wed, 13 Sep | Not shared | Stage 4 | Unknown | ||
| Thu, 14 Sep | 26,726MW | 31,902MW | 6,450MW | Stage 6 (+ Load curtailment stage 1 & stage 2) | Stage 6 + Load curtailment |
| Fri, 15 Sep | 26,534MW | 27,842MW | 3,885MW | Stage 4 | Stage 4 |
| Sat, 16 Sep | Not shared | Stage 3 | Unknown | ||
| Sun, 17 Sep | 28,230MW | 28,613MW | 1,901MW | Stage 2 | Stage 2 |
| Mon, 18 Sep | 31,495MW | 30,893MW | 3,309MW | Stage 3 | Stage 4 |
Eskom has repeatedly denied that it implemented load-shedding higher than the communicated stages and attributed the differences to demand cut through load curtailment of heavy energy users — like smelters.
However, that does not explain instances where Eskom showed it exceeded the upper limit of each stage and did not mention it implemented load curtailment.
In either event, it did not make provision for load curtailment as a separate mechanism in its communication to the public.
National Rationalised Specifications (NRS) Association of South Africa chairman Vally Padayachee has given another explanation for the discrepancies — Eskom never followed its own rules for load-shedding.
Padayachee recently told eNCA that the utility never used its widely distributed guidelines or definition of 1,000MW-per-stage for load-shedding and typically cut between 800MW and 1,200MW per stage.
This is because the true definitions of load-shedding stages are expressed as a percentage of demand cut, not a fixed amount.
Vally Padayachee, NRS Association chair
Eskom’s load-shedding schedules are set for a change soon if the National Energy Regulator of South Africa (Nersa) adopts the latest draft document that defines the practice.
The NRS 048-9 Electricity Supply – Quality of Supply: Code of Practice – Load reduction practices, system restoration practices, and critical load and essential load requirements under system emergencies was recently published for public comment.
Under the proposed schedules, which go up to stage 16, each stage of load-shedding will allow for a reduction of 5% in demand.
This will theoretically allow for more power to be cut from the grid under each stage of load-shedding.
For example, stage 1 will allow for anywhere between 1,150MW and 1,600MW to be cut from the grid, depending on the demand at the time.
Whereas stage 6 load-shedding currently only officially allows Eskom to reduce demand by 6,000MW, the new stage 6 will allow for shedding between 6,900MW and 9,600MW.
In the worst-case stage 16 scenario, it is being proposed that Eskom can cut 80% of demand from the grid, which would work out to between 18,400MW and 25,600MW.
The full NRS 048-9 Electricity Supply document is available on Nersa’s website or can be downloaded here. Submissions on the document can be sent to Nersa until 22 September 2023.
The table below outlines the proposed reductions in load under each load-shedding stage for general and load curtailment customers.
| Stage | Reduction through load-shedding | Reduction through load curtailment | Low demand scenario: | High demand scenario: |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 23,000-24,000MW | 30,000-32,000MW load | |||
| 1 | 5% of demand | 10% reduction in normal demand profile | 1,150–1,200MW | 1,500–1,600MW |
| 2 | 10% of demand | 10% reduction in normal demand profile | 2,300–2,400MW | 3,000–3,200MW |
| 3 | 15% of demand | 15% reduction in normal demand profile | 3,450–3,600MW | 4,500–4,800MW |
| 4 | 20% of demand | 20% reduction in normal demand profile | 4,600–4,800MW | 6,000–6,400MW |
| 5 | 25% of demand | 30% reduction in normal demand profile | 5,750–6,000MW | 7,500–8,000MW |
| 6 | 30% of demand | 30% reduction in normal demand profile | 6,900MW–7,200MW | 9,000–9,600MW |
| 7 | 35% of demand | 40% reduction in normal demand profile | 8,050–8,400MW | 10,500–11,200MW |
| 8 | 40% of demand | 40% reduction in normal demand profile | 9,200–9,600MW | 12,000–12,800MW |
| 9 | 45% of demand | 50% reduction in normal demand profile | 10,350–10,800MW | 13,500–14,400MW |
| 10 | 50% of demand | 50% reduction in normal demand profile | 11,500–12,000MW | 15,000–16,000MW |
| 11 | 55% of demand | Reduction to essential loads or as instructed by System Operator | 12,650–13,200MW | 16,500–17,600MW |
| 12 | 60% of demand | Reduction to essential loads or as instructed by System Operator | 13,800–14,400MW | 18,000–19,200MW |
| 13 | 65% of demand | Reduction to essential loads or as instructed by System Operator | 14,950–15,600MW | 10,725–20,800MW |
| 14 | 70% of demand | Reduction to essential loads or as instructed by System Operator | 16,100–16,800MW | 21,000–22,400MW |
| 15 | 75% of demand | Reduction to essential loads or as instructed by System Operator | 17,250–18,000MW | 22,500–24,000MW |
| 16 | 80% of demand | Reduction to essential loads or as instructed by System Operator | 18,400–19,200MW | 24,000–25,600MW |